Month: January 2025

An SoC is an acronym for system on chip. Basically they are made in I.C. packages that contain all the components of computer that are necessary. You can think SoC= mobile mobile processor + GPU + other important components. Generally they are used in smart phones and other system like gaming consoles i.e.Xbox etc.

So check which SoC or processor does your mobile has….in the next article we will discuss in the the change in the number of transistor in SoC over a period of 5 years (2013- 2017).

Have you seen a blue colored board that is used to develop embedded system projects or making robots? If yes, I think you already using a Arduino UNO, Raspberry pi or Beagle-bone etc. boards to develop something on your own.

Basically Arduino UNO is a open source development board that is used to make different embedded system and robotics projects at the affordable price. It has Atmel’s ATmega-328 micro-controller (8-bit) which is of 28 pins. It is very light board of weight around 25 grams total.

Arduino UNO has 14 digital pins (out of which 6 can be used a PWM outputs), 6 analog pins (used to generate the analog voltage or take an analog voltage input), a crystal of value 16 MHz. Recommended input voltage is 7-12V. Flash memory 32 KB (used to store uploaded program), SRAM of 2 KB (to store variables values), EEPROM of 1 KB (to store permanent data which can be later on).

Many other boards like Arduino Mega, Nano, Pro-mini etc. is also available. The cost of Arduino UNO copy board in India is around 400₹. Be aware of copy board because Arduino community does not make Arduino UNO for India. For outside USA Arduino make Genuino boards. So please don’t give more than 400-450₹ for Arduino UNO in india.

If you want the original one,then you can buy it from Arduino.cc or element18 website which will cost you around 2500₹ including shipping charges.

At the end I have a suggestion for those who want to buy a new Arduino UNO that please check the website of Arduino where they have mentioned how to find the fake or copy boards.

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Today’s topic is important for those people who are going to buy so called “selfie expert” Oppo and Vivo phones i.e F1, F1 S etc.

Trust me these companies are making money only on the basis of marketing tactics and not for good hardware. They give huge money to the stores who promote their brands. Not just this, they give 3 times commision + holiday packages to sales person of their phones.

 Only in india, Oppo and Vivo is spending Rs 2200 crore to overtake Samsung in year 2017. So now you can understand how a company has increased 2% to 18% market share in only 1 year.

I don’t talk to talk about these two useless mobile phone manufacturers. Let’s start some talk with solid proofs why their mobile phones are not even “OK”.

• Design quality

Oppo F1 plus is bad copy of iphone 6s which shows that they don’t have anything new for the customers.

• Display

F1s has 5.5 inch HD display with 720×1280 pixels resolution (267 ppi) which is not high quality HD. Even when you will tilt the phone, It will give you very bad viewing experience because of the brightness level at different angles would not be consistent.

• Operating system

F1s has Android 5.1, Lollipop based O.S. On the other hand other phones which are under 10,000 has new Marshmallow O.S.

• Hardware

F1s has 1.5 GHz octa-core processor with Mali-T860 GPU and 3GB RAM. But when you will compare it with other phones which are near 10,000 like “redmi Note 3″ which has snapdragon 650 processor, then you will find that Oppo is taking too much for this low quality hardware.

• Games

You can’t play high-end games like Asphalt 8, Airborne, Modern combat-5. This just because of low quality hardware.

• Camera

It has 13MP rear shooter with f/2.2 aperture with LED flash. But in front, you get 16MP camera without LED. The rear camera is not as great as Oppo and Vivo is portraying. It takes good photos in proper lighting. But low light photos are just of average quality.

• No fast charging provided

They haven’t provided any fast charging feature which is present in other low budge phones.

Conclusion: They are selling Rs 10,000-12000 phones in Rs 18000-22000 just on the basis of promotion tactics.

So, please this a request from my side that don’t suggest anyone or buy phones from these two manufacturers who are making everyone fool.

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Electronics is breaking records everyday by its astonishing discoveries and achievements and the proof is in front of you i.e your mobile phones/PC. 10 years back no one can think of touch screen gadgets in daily life. But to daily advancement in electronics has made this impossible into possible.

Today we will see transistors count increase in the microprocessors from 1971 to present

• Intel 4004 (1971) – 2300 transistors
• Intel 8085 (1976) – 6500 transistors
• Intel 80286 (1982) – 134 thousands transistors
• Intel 80486 (1989) – 11.8 lakhs transistors
• Intel Pentium pro (1995) – 55 lakhs transistors
• AMD K6 (1997) – 88 lakhs transistors

• Intel Pentium III (1999) – 95 lakhs transistors
• Intel Pentium IV (2000) – 420 lakhs transistors
• AMD K8 (2005) – 105 million transistors
• Intel core 2 duo (2006) – 291 millions transistors
• Intel core i7 (1st generation) 2008 – 731 million  transistors
• Intel core i7 (2nd generation) 2011 – 1.16 billion transistors
• Intel core i7 (3rd generation) 2012 – 1.4 billion transistors
• Intel core i7 (4th generation) 2013 – 1.4 billion transistors
• Intel core i7 (5th generation) 2015 – 1.9 billion transistors
• AMD Ryzen (2017) -4.8 billion transistors
• Intel core i9 (11th generation) 2021 – 6 billion transistors

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I hope you all know about something called transistor, if not, transistor is an electronic device that can be used as a switch, amplifier etc.

By the way, have you seen transistor somewhere? If your answer is no, then you are lying unintentionally because nearly 99.99% electronic devices contain a bunch of transistors. So whether if you have seen your mobile phone’s board, or T.V. remote board or any other electronic device board, there must be a small, very small component called “transistor” would be present.

All computer CPUs contains transistors as a component to performs various computational tasks. 

Today’s topic is how much small a transistor could be in comparison to other miniature things.

So before start giving the numeric figures to you, I would like to tell you that the size of transistor used in a circuit is totally depend upon in which device you are using it like whether it is your radio set that would have bigger size transistor than ICs’ have.

So the smallest size of transistors are used in microprocessor manufacturing where area is so limited that you don’t have any other option besides minimizing the size of transistor.

Ok, so let’s start……..

• Human hair – 100000 nm
• Bacteria – 2000 nm
• Atom – 0.1 nm
• RBC – 8000 nm
• Carbon molecule – 0.17 nm
• DNA bases – 1 nm
• Virus – 400 nm
• Sugar particle – 500 nm
• Electro-mechanical swich (i.e. used in circuit boards) – 25400000
• Transistor (Electronic switch) – 5 nm

Now you can compare the the size of transistor with electro-mechanical switch (switch that your home’s electrical boards have). 1 electro-mechanical switch takes space occupied by 50,00,000 (fifty-lakhs) transistors.

Check my other posts “Comparison of transistor with electro-mechanical switch”.

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